栀子和玉兰花提取物对烤烟主要化学成分及致香物质含量影响

以湘烟5号为材料,通过盆栽试验,探讨不同浓度植物提取物对烤烟主要化学成分及致香物质含量的影响。结果表明,喷施栀子花和玉兰花汁液提取物有利于烟叶原料主要化学成分含量的改善,与对照相比,喷施处理的上部橘黄二级（B2F）和中部橘黄三级（C3F）烟叶还原糖含量分别高15.0%~21.1%和14.3%~17.7%,钾含量分别高5.7%~13.9%和7.4%~14.0%;与对照相比,喷施处理的烟叶的石油醚提取物、类胡萝卜素降解物、降解产物、茄酮、非酶棕色化反应产物、芳香族氨基酸裂解产物、新植二烯和中性致香物质总量,上部橘黄二级（B2F）烟叶分别高10.0%~20.9%、11.2%~20.9%、9.6%~20.2%、9.8%~21.1%、10.8%~22.5%、11.2%~23.0%、14.9%~24.7%和11.9%~22.1%,中部橘黄三级（C3F）烟叶分别高13.5%~24.1%、11.3%~21.0%、11.4%~20.0%、10.8%~18.7%、13.1%~21.2%、10.1%~19.1%、17.5%~27.0%和18.1%~27.6%;烟叶感官质量评价权重得分高于对照。栀子花和玉兰花汁液提取物对烟叶主要化学成分及致香物质含量的作用效果以施用量3.5~5.0g/株的处理最佳。     

Season-specific varietal management as an option to increase rainfed lowland rice production in East African high altitude cropping systems

Due to land expansion and an increase in productivity, rice production in sub-Saharan Africa has been growing at a rate of 6% in the past decade. Rainfed rice production systems have accounted for a large share of this expansion. In these systems, the potential growing period not only depends on the length of the rainy season and thus water availability, but is often, especially in the highlands of East Africa, bordered by the onset of the cool period of the year, when low minimum temperatures compromise rice yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the yield potential of 30 rice varieties contrasting in crop duration and cold tolerance in the highlands of East Africa, with its limited length of growing period. A field trial was conducted in the cropping seasons in 2016 and 2017 at the Fogera rice research station, Ethiopia. As a function of the onset of rains, rice was sown mid-July in 2016 and early July in 2017. Early sowing in 2017 led to an extended crop duration and significantly lower yields of the short-duration varieties, and to a shortened duration and significantly higher yields of the medium- and long-duration varieties, when compared to late sowing in 2016. Late sowing compromised yield of the medium- and long-duration varieties because of low temperatures during booting stage, which led to high spikelet sterility. Early sowing resulted in low yields of the short-duration varieties, probably due to low solar radiation during the cloudy rainy season, which coincided with the vegetative stage. Therefore, choice of variety should be a function of the variable onset of the rainy season and related sowing date. However, crop models precisely calibrated for potential varieties and the respective environmental conditions could fully support the selection of a suitable variety, depending on the date of sowing, for example with the help of online tools or smartphone applications.     

贵州省不同年代糯高粱品种（系）农艺性状演变分析

以贵州省不同年代酿酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,对其农艺性状、产量构成以及抗性差异进行分析,结果表明：随着年代更替,贵州省酿酒用糯高粱单产逐步提高。新品种（红缨子、黔高8号）较老品系（黑壳糯、红壳糯）平均单产增幅25%以上;穗粒数、穗粒重增加显著,增幅分别为51.7%、62.7%;主穗一、二级枝梗数增加幅度分别为19.8%、62.7%;株高降低24.9%,茎粗增加9.5%;节间数增加0.9个,节间长缩短13.3cm;单株叶面积和叶面积指数增加显著;倒伏率、发病率下降显著,成穗率明显提升。各指标相关性分析显示,产量与穗粒数、穗粒重,穗粒数与主穗一、二级枝梗数呈极显著正相关;产量与株高、倒伏率极显著负相关,与茎粗正相关,相关系数分别为-0.981、-0.970和0.928,株高、茎粗与倒伏率相关显著,相关系数分别为0.964和-0.910;产量与叶面积指数正相关,与发病率显著负相关。总的结果表明,主穗一、二级枝梗数的增加提高了糯高粱的穗粒数,植株株高的降低、茎粗的增加促进了抗倒性的提升,抗病性的提升保证了后期叶片光合作用的持续进行,最终提高了糯高粱产量。     

烤烟EMS诱变后代高香气突变体筛选

为筛选高香气且品质较优的烤烟后代,以中烟100为材料,采用EMS诱变技术对中烟100种子进行处理,筛选出2个叶面腺毛密度大的突变体材料,通过田间试验,对其叶面腺毛密度、叶面化学成分、烤后化学成分、香气物质含量和感官质量评吸等指标进行评估,并与正常中烟100后代和NC89进行对照。研究结果表明,EMS-2诱变株系腺毛密度最大,为65.55个/mm ²,分别是中烟100（37.19个/mm ²）和NC89（56.06个/mm ²）的1.8和1.2倍;叶面化学成分分析结果表明,EMS-1诱变株系西柏烷类和烷烃类含量最多,分别为57.18、5.16mg/m ²,EMS-2突变株系蔗糖酯类物质分泌较旺盛,含量最多,为0.33mg/m ²;烤后样化学成分分析结果表明,EMS-2突变株系化学成分含量较协调,且香气成分含量最多,达到890.32μg/g,分别比中烟100和NC89增加34.5%和29.0%;结合对诱变后代的感官评价,得出结论：诱变株系综合品质较好,可提高烟叶质量,EMS-2综合品质最好,可以作为待选株系进行下一步品种选育。     

金寨毛竹纤维形态及化学成分

通过离析法制取毛竹纤维,观察并记录纤维长度和宽度,计算纤维长宽比,按照国家标准分别测定化学成分质量分数,以此对3~5年生金寨毛竹不同竹干高度、径向的纤维形态和化学成分进行研究。结果表明:3~5年生金寨毛竹平均纤维长度均大于1500μm,且随着竹龄的增加而增加,而在高度上变异规律不明显;平均纤维长宽比均大于100,在竹干高度为5.5 m处达到最大值;灰分质量分数随竹龄的增加而减小,随竹干高度的增加而增加;综纤维素质量分数随竹龄的增加而增加,随竹干高度的增加趋于稳定;苯醇抽提物和纤维素质量分数随竹龄增加先减小再增加。综上可知,金寨毛竹是优良的造纸原料。     

不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响，以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料，研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明，不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色，简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮，反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异，显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻，但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异，由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述，简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好，回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。     

香菇的药用价值及其产品开发前景

近年来,香菇因不仅能满足于人们的营养需求,同时还具有保健及药用价值,而越来越受到人们的青睐。从香菇的有效成分、药理作用和产品开发3个方面进行阐述,以期为指导香菇食用、产品开发和产业发展提供参考依据。     

安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。     

Growth and yield responses of upland NERICAs to variable water management under field conditions

This study aimed to investigate the possible causes for inconsistent performances of upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties in uplands and lowlands, while identifying important determinants in grain yield under deficient soil moisture. We compared the growth and yield of NERICA 1 and NERICA 5 to those of Yumenohatamochi, a Japanese upland variety, and Hinohikari, a Japanese lowland variety, subjected to different water management regimes (continually flooded, supplementary irrigation, and non-irrigation). Under conditions of deficient soil moisture, panicle number per square meter, spikelet number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight of NERICAs decreased, whereas the panicle number of the Japanese varieties experienced little change. In contrast, the grain filling ratio was unaffected by water management, irrespective of variety. The primary source of yield reduction under low soil water conditions was a decrease in spikelet number per panicle, and water stress intensity was the primary factor for the degree of this reduction. Variation in the abortion of secondary rachis-branches caused differences between NERICAs in their spikelet number response to soil moisture deficiency. The inconsistency in NERICA performance across uplands vs. lowlands can be partially attributed to variation in yield response to low soil water conditions. Moreover, water stress intensity and the presence of a water gradient along the vertical soil profile may combine to affect the fluctuation in NERICA performance under upland conditions.     

洛阳市植烟区生态环境聚类及烟叶化学成分分析

[目的]分析不同生态环境烟叶的化学成分差异性及适宜性。[方法]以降雨、海拔和日照条件为因子,对洛阳市烟区生态环境进行系统聚类,并抽取34个样品分析了不同生态环境中烟叶的化学成分含量及适宜性。[结果]与2015年全国平均含量相比,洛阳市烟叶的总植物碱、总氮和钾含量较低,淀粉和游离氨基酸含量略高,样品间氯含量、钾氯比和糖碱比变异较大;聚类分析将洛阳市烟区划分为A、B、C、D 4类小生态环境烟区;A类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、氯含量相对较高,D类烟区烟叶的钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比相对较高;4类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、总氮、游离氨基酸含量和氮碱比适宜性较好,碳水化合物含量高出适宜范围,糖碱比例不协调,钾、氯含量偏低。[结论]总体来看,A类烟区烟叶化学成分适宜性最佳。